What Is Bulk Modulus Definition, Formulas, Examples

The bulk modulus is a constant the describes how resistant a substance is to compression. It is defined as the ratio between pressure increase and the resulting decrease in a materials volume. Together with Youngs modulus, the shear modulus, and Hookes law, the bulk modulus describes a materials response to stress or strain. Usually, bulk modulus is indicated by K or B in equations and tables. While it applies to uniform compression of any substance, it is most often used to describe the behavior of fluids. It can be used to predict compression, calculate density, and indirectly indicate the types of chemical bonding within a substance. The bulk modulus is considered a descriptor of elastic properties because a compressed material returns to its original volume once the pressure is released. The units for the bulk modulus are Pascals (Pa) or newtons per square meter (N/m2) in the metric system, or pounds per square inch (PSI) in the English system. Table of Fluid Bulk Modulus (K) Values There are bulk modulus values for solids (e.g., 160 GPa for steel; 443 GPa for diamond; 50 MPa for solid helium) and gases (e.g., 101 kPa for air at constant temperature), but the most common tables list values for liquids. Here are representative values, in both English and metric units: English Units(105 PSI) SI Units(109 Pa) Acetone 1.34 0.92 Benzene 1.5 1.05 Carbon Tetrachloride 1.91 1.32 Ethyl Alcohol 1.54 1.06 Gasoline 1.9 1.3 Glycerin 6.31 4.35 ISO 32 Mineral Oil 2.6 1.8 Kerosene 1.9 1.3 Mercury 41.4 28.5 Paraffin Oil 2.41 1.66 Petrol 1.55 - 2.16 1.07 - 1.49 Phosphate Ester 4.4 3 SAE 30 Oil 2.2 1.5 Seawater 3.39 2.34 Sulfuric Acid 4.3 3.0 Water 3.12 2.15 Water - Glycol 5 3.4 Water - Oil Emulsion 3.3 2.3 The K value varies, depending on the state of matter of a sample, and in some cases, on the temperature. In liquids, the amount of dissolved gas greatly impacts the value. A high value of K indicates a material resists compression, while a low value indicates volume appreciably  decreases under uniform pressure. The reciprocal of the bulk modulus is compressibility, so a substance with a low bulk modulus has high compressibility. Upon reviewing the table, you can see the liquid metal mercury is very nearly incompressible. This reflects the large atomic radius of mercury atoms compared with atoms in organic compounds and also the packing of the atoms. Because of hydrogen bonding, water also resists compression. Bulk Modulus Formulas The bulk modulus of a material may be measured by powder diffraction, using x-rays, neutrons, or electrons targeting a powdered or microcrystalline sample. It may be calculated using the formula: Bulk Modulus (K) Volumetric stress / Volumetric strain This is the same as saying it equals the change in pressure divided by the change in volume divided by initial volume: Bulk Modulus (K) (p1 - p0) / [(V1 - V0) / V0] Here,  p0 and V0 are the initial pressure and volume, respectively, and p1 and V1 are the pressure and volume measured upon compression. Bulk modulus elasticity may also be expressed in terms of pressure and density: K (p1 - p0) / [(Ï 1 - Ï 0) / Ï 0] Here, Ï 0 and Ï 1 are the initial and final density values. Example Calculation The bulk modulus may be used to calculate hydrostatic pressure and density of a liquid. For example, consider seawater in the deepest point of the ocean, the Mariana Trench. The base of the trench is 10994 m below sea level. The hydrostatic pressure in the Mariana Trench may be calculated as: p1 Ï *g*h Where p1 is the pressure, Ï  is the density of seawater at sea level, g is the acceleration of gravity, and h is the height (or depth) of the water column. p1 (1022 kg/m3)(9.81 m/s2)(10994 m) p1 110 x 106 Pa or 110 MPa Knowing the pressure at sea level is 105 Pa, the density of the water at the bottom of the trench may be calculated: Ï 1 [(p1 - p)Ï  K*Ï ) / K Ï 1 [[(110 x 106 Pa) - (1 x 105 Pa)](1022 kg/m3)] (2.34 x 109 Pa)(1022 kg/m3)/(2.34 x 109 Pa) Ï 1 1070 kg/m3 What can you see from this? Despite the immense pressure on water at the bottom of the Mariana Trench, it isnt compressed very much! Sources De Jong, Maarten; Chen, Wei (2015). Charting the complete elastic properties of inorganic crystalline compounds. Scientific Data. 2: 150009. doi:10.1038/sdata.2015.9Gilman, J.J. (1969).  Micromechanics of Flow in Solids. New York: McGraw-Hill.Kittel, Charles (2005). Introduction to Solid State Physics  (8th edition). ISBN 0-471-41526-X.Thomas, Courtney H. (2013). Mechanical Behavior of Materials (2nd edition). New Delhi: McGraw Hill Education (India). ISBN 1259027511.

Women Suffrage in the 1920’s Free Essays

The 1920’s was a huge struggle for women around the U. S. Huge rallies were formed and outrageous furry was spread city to city. We will write a custom essay sample on Women Suffrage in the 1920’s or any similar topic only for you Order Now All this drama and series of strikes was caused by the women that were eager to have the same rights as everyone else, without and racial or gender profiling against them. But late in that time period, that wasn’t the cause. After numerous protests and the creating of the women’s national party, little did they know but it would soon become a huge success for all women around the globe. The 19th amendment guaranteed women the right to vote, and it went into effect in 1920.It had begun settling rates at levels intended to ensure the industries profits full woman suffrage before 1920, eighth date granted partial woman suffrage before 1920. No woman suffrage until ratification of 19th amendment. Elizabeth caddy staton becomes president of the national women’s suffrage association. Women also began appearing on the political scene and in elected offices. Winifred mason huck of representatives in 1922 was the first. The woman suffrage movement got off to a slow start. Some people threatened women suffragrates, and sold they were unfeminine and immoral. Many if its supports were abolitionists as well.In the years before the civil war abolishing slavery took priority. Many job opportunities were available for women. One of them being the biggest company at the time. They worked as operators at telephone companies. It was a great and easy job and didn’t involve doing much. It was better than staying home completing the daily tasks taken place at what was called, â€Å"A women’s place†, in the 1920’s. Now it was not only at home but also in their workplace. Suffragists march in a 1912 rally in New York City. In 1920, after decades of struggle for the right to vote, the Nineteenth Amendment’s ratification granted female suffrage. How to cite Women Suffrage in the 1920’s, Papers

Maximizing Performance Maintaining Results -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Maximizing Performance Maintaining Results? Answer: Introducation The given task namely Key Concepts and Questions (KCQs) is very interesting task for me personally. It is because of the fact that from the beginning of my studies I want to become lecturer and have the aim to write different books for the readers. Now through this task, it is pretty much sure that the platform for taking up the starting step for my aim and the aspiration has been provided and very happily I am taking the same. On this platform, I am going to express my views and explanations for the understanding of the key concepts of the given topic and as a writer I am going to put forward some questions to myself as well as the readers in order to give the readers a deep insight of the budgeting for a short term. Management is an activity which integrates all the functions of the company and put all their efforts towards the single direction of achieving the objectives of the company. These functions predominantly include sales, purchase, human resource management, production, etc (Al, 2006; Atrill, Peter, Eddie, 2012) The conventional definition of management is getting work done through people, but real management is developing people through work Agha Hasan Abedi I really disagree with this definition. It is due to the basic fact that management is an art of getting the work done through others rather than developing people through work. The latter is very clearly and precisely has been defined as the training. Is it likely that the management and the training are the simultaneous work? While working in the firm, any employee understand and develop their skills and management is to bring all the efforts of all the employees towards one common goal and thus it is getting work done through others. In many motivational novels and movies, I have seen that the employees in the factory are working and managers give them the work and get the work done within the stipulated time. According to me management is technique through which the people obtains the experience and get the work from others. The first step really has importance in everyones field. If this first step is not taken, then the firm can never succeed in its function. For me, my first step was that when I have chosen the commerce side rather than the science side and have aimed to become the lecturer. Through this assignment, my first step is really the base. If I would not have chosen the commerce stream then I could not be able to appear this assignment and really my aim would be in the dark room where I will not be able to see myself. Therefore, as described by Martin giving the example of distance 2000 Km every year, the first step counts a lot in everyones life. In the case of the organization, budgets are regarded as the first step for success. Is it necessary to have the budgets? It is answered in four points namely encourages short term planning, helps in coordination, helps in cooperation and lastly helps in communicating the plans of the organization and delegating the tasks and motivating the employees. Then what task is done by the management? Is the management is just an art of getting work done through others A budget is just a method of worrying before you spend money as well as afterward Anon I truly agree with this. In my school days I have been receiving the pocket money from my parents around $5 per day. I daily plan how to make the best possible use of this $5 on daily basis. Usually, I used to buy burger and cold drink daily costing to me $2.5 and then while going back to the home I used to play and that costs me $1 and the balance I kept it with myself and when the need comes I spend the same or when the pocket money is not received by me someday. Similarly, budget gives you an alarm, as to how much shall be spent and how much shall be saved (Bradley, 2014). The next question that has come in my mind for me that $5 per day is too big that I was unable to remember without writing it down then how the firms prepares their project? Never base your budget requests on realistic assumptions, as this could lead to a decrease in your funding Scott Adams It is true statement. If the company prepares the budget on realistic assumptions then the fund that the company wants to obtain from the bank or any other financial institution will be less in amount. As in case of the Purple Chocolates, if the company would have positive cash flows for all the six months like: Particulars Jan Feb March April May June Total Cash Closing Balance (Assumed Figures) 525 25 90 160 225 320 320 Then the company would not be able to obtain the overdraft facility from the bank. Thus, the budgets shall never be prepared with actual and real assumptions when some fundings are required. The first step in case of the budget is the sale budget. Through this sale budget the other budgets like purchase budget, production budget and other related budgets are prepared. The accounting equation follows all over the budget (Ryan and Robert, 2013). It is: Opening Inventory + Production = Sales + Closing Inventory. The sales and production budgets shall be in consonance with each other. If the budgets are not found in consonance then either there will be the shortage of inventory at the business or else there will be unnecessary piling up of the inventory. (Kaplan, Norton, David, 2014). Its clearly a budget. Its got a lot of numbers in it. George W. Bush Is the budget shall be of numbers only? The above statement has clarified this question that was coming in my mind while reading the sale and purchase budgets. But the basic fact is that although the budgets are purely represented in numbers but the basis is non financial information like preferences of the customer, etc (Collis and Hussey, 2014). How many budgets are there? What is master budget and what does it includes? This question has been striking into my head and now it has been specified budgets can be of many numbers depending upon the nature of business and master budget is the budget which have the figures of all the budgets and consists of cash budget, budgeted income statement and budgeted balance sheet. As given in case of the Purple chocolates, first budget provides the net cash available, second provides the budgeted net profit and the last provides the budgeted figures of debtors, creditors, loan, and fixed assets (Drury, 2016). I am very questioning by nature and again the question has come how the performance will be measured? And it has been mentioned that performance will be measured not only against financial measures but also non financial measures like customer satisfaction, growth of the employee and improvement in the internal processes of the business (Niven and Paul, 2012). In my mind, the following has come and have drafted: BALANCE SCORE CARD S. No. Perspectives Observation 1 Financial Has net profit of $825 2 Internal Business Is weak as the cash collection procedure is not good. 3 Customer Customer are satisfied since the sales are high 4 Learning and Growth The employees have been trained and have achieved the learning curve This chapter is very interesting and has provided the reasons for creation of the budgets and its importance thereon and how the performance will be measured. The best thing that I liked is that the example that Martin has used throughout the chapter. All the pictures were in my mind in the manner that it has happened to me like that of Dixon Street, cliff or 2000 Kms and lastly Purple Chocolates and I am imagining the dairy milk chocolates in purple color with their own brand. Thus, budgets are very important and management helps in achieving the budgeted results. References Al Bento, (2006), Budgeting, Performance Evaluation, and Compensation: A Performance Management Model, inMarc J. Epstein,John Y. Lee(ed.)Advances in Management Accounting, Volume 15Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp.51 79 Atrill, Peter McLaney, Eddie, (2012), Management Accounting for Decision Makers, 7th Ed. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. Bradley J, (2014), How Is a Budget a Communication Tool? available at https://smallbusiness.chron.com/budget-communication-tool-57477.html accessed on 21/01/2018 Collis and Hussey, (2014), Business Research: A Practical Guide for Undergraduate and Postgraduate Students, Hongkong: Palgrave Macmillan. Drury C, (2016), Cost and Management Accounting, 6th Ed. London: Thomson Learning. Kaplan, Robert. S Norton, David. P, (2014), Strategy maps: converting marketing assets into tangible outcomes Massachusetts: Harvard Business School. Niven, Paul. R, (2012), Balance Scorecard Step by Step: Maximizing performance and maintaining results, New York: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Ryan and Robert. W, (2013), Research Method Methodology in Finance Accounting, 2nd Ed. London: Thomson Learning

Jonathan Kozol - The Children of Mott Haven free essay sample

An in-depth look at the lives of the children in Mott Haven, in the South Bronx as seen by Jonathon Kozol. In this paper the author begins by making a direct comparison to the American Hymn, Amazing Grace, and Jonathan Kozols profoundly disturbing profile of the lives of the children of Mott Haven, in the South Bronx. The author moves on to examine Kozols book in depth and his findings regarding the children of the South Bronx. He concludes by comparing the Children of Plenty with what he regards as the throwaways, the children who he considers have nothing and no future. From the paper: Like children everywhere, they vacillate between child-like innocence and alarmingly grown-up insights; but this is not the suburban version of growing up too fast; they have seen junkies shooting up in the hallways of their buildings, gang members bagging dope and loading guns on the fire escape. We will write a custom essay sample on Jonathan Kozol The Children of Mott Haven or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Death is accepted as the passage to a better place.

Free Essays on Appointment With Love

The short story, "Appointment with Love†, by S.I. Kishor, is a romantic story about a young lieutenant and lady who fall in love. The author shows that true love is possible between two people who have never met if they are able to trust their true inner feelings and instincts. The writer accomplishes this message to the reader through the use of the setting, tone and each individual character in the story. The setting in this story is established as it instantly grabs the attention of the reader. The author begins the story in the first sentence by describing the location of New York's Grand Central Station with a tall lieutenant waiting to meet a woman who he has communicated with for over a year. By drawing all attention to the lieutenant, the reader is immediately given a clear image of Lieutenant Blandford, standing anxiously waiting to meet the woman who he has never seen but claims to love. Throughout the story, the author brings the reader out of the station to places that the lieutenant has recalled thinking of this woman. The author uses these different settings to show how this woman has had the power to reach inside of him through writing and renew his strength even from a far. The author then redirects his attention back to the station, as the time to meet Hollis Meynell grows closer. Although the setting is used to describe the atmosphere, the tone is used effectively to c ommunicate the complete and compelling feeling and emotion to the reader. The author’s use of a suspenseful tone has the reader waiting anxiously from the first line to the end. The mood is instantly set on a time schedule as the author begins the story by saying, "Six minutes to six". By doing this, the author creates a feeling of excitement as the reader realizes something exciting is about to happen. He also creates a feeling of uncertainty for the lieutenant, which makes the tone even more dramatic. As the clock grows near a minute from six,... Free Essays on Appointment With Love Free Essays on Appointment With Love The short story, "Appointment with Love†, by S.I. Kishor, is a romantic story about a young lieutenant and lady who fall in love. The author shows that true love is possible between two people who have never met if they are able to trust their true inner feelings and instincts. The writer accomplishes this message to the reader through the use of the setting, tone and each individual character in the story. The setting in this story is established as it instantly grabs the attention of the reader. The author begins the story in the first sentence by describing the location of New York's Grand Central Station with a tall lieutenant waiting to meet a woman who he has communicated with for over a year. By drawing all attention to the lieutenant, the reader is immediately given a clear image of Lieutenant Blandford, standing anxiously waiting to meet the woman who he has never seen but claims to love. Throughout the story, the author brings the reader out of the station to places that the lieutenant has recalled thinking of this woman. The author uses these different settings to show how this woman has had the power to reach inside of him through writing and renew his strength even from a far. The author then redirects his attention back to the station, as the time to meet Hollis Meynell grows closer. Although the setting is used to describe the atmosphere, the tone is used effectively to c ommunicate the complete and compelling feeling and emotion to the reader. The author’s use of a suspenseful tone has the reader waiting anxiously from the first line to the end. The mood is instantly set on a time schedule as the author begins the story by saying, "Six minutes to six". By doing this, the author creates a feeling of excitement as the reader realizes something exciting is about to happen. He also creates a feeling of uncertainty for the lieutenant, which makes the tone even more dramatic. As the clock grows near a minute from six,...

Generation of electricity using Biomass in Nova scotia, Canada Term Paper

Generation of electricity using Biomass in Nova scotia, Canada - Term Paper Example People are deeply at odds over the proposal, for many support this idea when some others question the viability and sustainability of this project. Evidences suggest that today many countries are successfully generating electricity from biomass to resolve their electricity crises. Referring to the shortcomings of other major electricity generation techniques and the available resources of Nova Scotia, it can be argued that electricity generation from biomass will be a potential proposal for the region. This paper will discuss why Nova Scotia must generate electricity from biomass to meet its power needs and to make electricity cost affordable to its people. 2. Discussion 2:1. Potentiality of generating electricity from biomass â€Å"Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms† (Biomass Energy Centre). Biomass is a broader term that represents diverse fuels derived from agriculture and food wastes and timber. Sewage sludge and animal manure may also form biomass fuel whereas it is also derived from trees. Considering the regeneration capacity of trees, it seems that biomass fuels are renewable. In the context of rapidly deteriorating non-renewable energy resources, the biomass fuels have a vital role to play in the electricity generation. ... Currently, lumber or other wood wastes are burnt in most biomass power plants. According to Augustine and Bockenhauer, in direct combustion power plants, biomass fuel is burnt direct in boilers which in turn provide steam for steam-electric generators. Under the biomass gasification process, biomass is initially converted into methane which is capable of fuelling steam generators, fuel cells, and combustion turbines. The major benefit of biomass gasification over direct combustion is that â€Å"extracted gasses can be used in a variety of power plant configurations† (Power Scorecard). The major argument against biomass fuelled power plants is that they cause air emissions. Although this argument is valid and has many environmental reasons to justify, it is not sufficient to abandon the concept of biomass fuelled electricity. Air emissions can be reduced by carefully choosing fuel and technology. There is a common perception that electricity generated using renewable technologi es is more expensive than the electricity generated from fossil fuels. Although it may be true in the case of wind energy and solar energy, electricity generation using biomass is cost-effective. In addition, this technique is considered to be greenhouse neutral. This feature is really advantageous in the context of current global warming and climate change issues. According to the findings of US Energy Information Administration, biomass fuelled power plants assist the agriculture industry to solve waste disposal problems. In terms of availability, biomass is better than other renewable technologies such as solar energy. Since biomass is easy to convert into high energy portable fuel forms like gas or alcohol, electricity can be easily generated from biomass without the application of

WHICH METHOD (MRI OR DIAGNOSTIC MAMMOGRAPHY) IS MORE SENSITIVE AT Essay - 1

WHICH METHOD (MRI OR DIAGNOSTIC MAMMOGRAPHY) IS MORE SENSITIVE AT DECTECTING BREAST CANCER IN WOMEN UNDER THE AGE OF 50 - RESEARCH PROPOSAL - Essay Example Medical experts impute the decline in breast cancer deaths to earlier detection and more efficient treatments. Breast cancer is dangerous because of its early latent character and long asymptomatic stage. Treatment can be much more effective if detected in the early stages. The benefits of early detection are capable of offsetting the anticipated risks and costs involved. This research project is therefore proposed to examine the relative sensitivity and cost effectiveness of two methods of detecting breast cancer. The methods examined are Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Digital Mammography. The study is confined to women under the age of fifty due to the particular issues faced by patients in this age group. Breast cancer is a common form of cancer, accounting for a high rate of mortality among women, next only to lung cancer (Taft & Taylor, 2001). The incidence of breast cancer is on the rise all over the world, posing a significant risk for women. One out of eight women in the developing world is estimated to develop breast cancer at some stage of their lives. Among the various factors identified as responsible for the incidence of breast cancer, genetics, environmental and lifestyle risk factors are considered significant ones (Nkondjock, & Ghadirian, 2005). Mortality caused by breast cancer is especially high among women between the ages of forty and forty-nine. Even apart from the mortality rates, the emotional and psychological impact of the condition is severe. Fear of the disease and the nature of treatment to be undertaken add to the negative impact (Breast Cancer Screening For Women Ages 40-49 – NIH Consensus Statement. Medscape General Medicine. 1999) Early, accurate detection leading to effective and less drastic treatment methods can significantly reduce the trauma associated with breast cancer, resulting in better prognosis and